Precipitated weighting agents for use in wellbore fluids

ABSTRACT

A method of formulating a wellbore fluid that includes precipitating a weighting agent from a solution; and adding the precipitated weighting agent to a base fluid to form a wellbore fluid is disclosed. Fluids and methods of formulating wellbore fluids that contain dispersant coated precipitated weighting agents are also disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119, claims priority to U.S.Patent Application Ser. No. 60/825,156, filed Sep. 11, 2006, which isherein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to wellbore fluids. Inparticular, embodiments disclosed herein relate to precipitatedweighting agents for use in a wellbore fluid.

2. Background Art

When drilling or completing wells in earth formations, various fluidstypically are used in the well for a variety of reasons. Common uses forwell fluids include: lubrication and cooling of drill bit cuttingsurfaces while drilling generally or drilling-in (i.e., drilling in atargeted petroliferous formation), transportation of “cuttings” (piecesof formation dislodged by the cutting action of the teeth on a drillbit) to the surface, controlling formation fluid pressure to preventblowouts, maintaining well stability, suspending solids in the well,minimizing fluid loss into and stabilizing the formation through whichthe well is being drilled, fracturing the formation in the vicinity ofthe well, displacing the fluid within the well with another fluid,cleaning the well, testing the well, transmitting hydraulic horsepowerto the drill bit, fluid used for emplacing a packer, abandoning the wellor preparing the well for abandonment, and otherwise treating the wellor the formation.

In general, drilling fluids should be pumpable under pressure downthrough strings of drilling pipe, then through and around the drillingbit head deep in the earth, and then returned back to the earth surfacethrough an annulus between the outside of the drill stem and the holewall or casing. Beyond providing drilling lubrication and efficiency,and retarding wear, drilling fluids should suspend and transport solidparticles to the surface for screening out and disposal. In addition,the fluids should be capable of suspending additive weighting agents (toincrease specific gravity of the mud), generally finely ground barites(barium sulfate ore), and transport clay and other substances capable ofadhering to and coating the borehole surface.

Drilling fluids are generally characterized as thixotropic fluidsystems. That is, they exhibit low viscosity when sheared, such as whenin circulation (as occurs during pumping or contact with the movingdrilling bit). However, when the shearing action is halted, the fluidshould be capable of suspending the solids it contains to preventgravity separation. In addition, when the drilling fluid is under shearconditions and a free-flowing near-liquid, it must retain a sufficientlyhigh enough viscosity to carry all unwanted particulate matter from thebottom of the well bore to the surface. The drilling fluid formulationshould also allow the cuttings and other unwanted particulate materialto be removed or otherwise settle out from the liquid fraction.

There is an increasing need for drilling fluids having the rheologicalprofiles that enable these wells to be drilled more easily. Drillingfluids having tailored rheological properties ensure that cuttings areremoved from the wellbore as efficiently and effectively as possible toavoid the formation of cuttings beds in the well which can cause thedrill string to become stuck, among other issues. There is also the needfrom a drilling fluid hydraulics perspective (equivalent circulatingdensity) to reduce the pressures required to circulate the fluid, thishelps to avoid exposing the formation to excessive forces that canfracture the formation causing the fluid, and possibly the well, to belost. In addition, an enhanced profile is necessary to preventsettlement or sag of the weighting agent in the fluid, if this occurs itcan lead to an uneven density profile within the circulating fluidsystem which can result in well control (gas/fluid influx) and wellborestability problems (caving/fractures).

To obtain the fluid characteristics required to meet these challenges,the fluid must be easy to pump so it requires the minimum amount ofpressure to force it through restrictions in the circulating fluidsystem, such as bit nozzles or down-hole tools. Or in other words, thefluid must have the lowest possible viscosity under high shearconditions. Conversely, in zones of the well where the area for fluidflow is large and the velocity of the fluid is slow or where there arelow shear conditions, the viscosity of the fluid needs to be as high aspossible in order to suspend and transport the drilled cuttings. Thisalso applies to the periods when the fluid is left static in the hole,where both cuttings and weighting materials need to be kept suspended toprevent settlement. However, it should also be noted that the viscosityof the fluid should not continue to increase under static conditions tounacceptable levels. Otherwise when the fluid needs to be circulatedagain this can lead to excessive pressures that can fracture theformation or alternatively it can lead to lost time if the forcerequired to regain a fully circulating fluid system is beyond the limitsof the pumps.

Wellbore fluids must also contribute to the stability of the well bore,and control the flow of gas, oil or water from the pores of theformation in order to prevent, for example, the flow or blow out offormation fluids or the collapse of pressured earth formations. Thecolumn of fluid in the hole exerts a hydrostatic pressure proportionalto the depth of the hole and the density of the fluid. High-pressureformations may require a fluid with a specific gravity as high as 3.0.

A variety of materials are presently used to increase the density ofwellbore fluids. These include dissolved salts such as sodium chloride,calcium chloride and calcium bromide. Alternatively, powdered mineralssuch as barite, calcite and hematite are added to a fluid to form asuspension of increased density. The use of finely divided metal, suchas iron, as a weight material in a drilling fluid wherein the weightmaterial includes iron/steel ball-shaped particles having a diameterless than 250 microns and preferentially between 15 and 75 microns hasalso been described. The use of finely powdered calcium or ironcarbonate has also been proposed; however, the plastic viscosity of suchfluids rapidly increases as the particle size decreases, limiting theutility of these materials.

One requirement of these wellbore fluid additives is that they form astable suspension and do not readily settle out. A second requirement isthat the suspension exhibit a low viscosity in order to facilitatepumping and to minimize the generation of high pressures. Finally, thewellbore fluid slurry should also exhibit low fluid loss.

Conventional weighting agents such as powdered barite exhibit an averageparticle diameter (d₅₀) in the range of 10-30 microns. To adequatelysuspend these materials requires the addition of a gellant such asbentonite for water-based fluids, or organically modified bentonite foroil-based fluids. A soluble polymer viscosifier such as xanthan gum maybe also added to slow the rate of the sedimentation of the weightingagent. However, as more gellant is added to increase the suspensionstability, the fluid viscosity (plastic viscosity and/or yield point)increases undesirably resulting in reduced pumpability. This is also thecase if a viscosifier is used to maintain a desirable level of solidssuspension.

The sedimentation (or “sag”) of particulate weighting agents becomesmore critical in wellbores drilled at high angles from the vertical, inthat a sag of, for example, one inch (2.54 cm) can result in acontinuous column of reduced density fluid along the upper portion ofthe wellbore wall. Such high angle wells are frequently drilled overlarge distances in order to access, for example, remote portions of anoil reservoir. In such instances it is important to minimize a drillingfluid's plastic viscosity in order to reduce the pressure losses overthe borehole length. At the same time a high density also should bemaintained to prevent a blow out. Further, as noted above withparticulate weighting materials the issues of sag become increasinglyimportant to avoid differential sticking or the settling out of theparticulate weighting agents on the low side of the wellbore.

Being able to formulate a drilling fluid having a high density and a lowplastic viscosity is also important in deep high pressure wells wherehigh-density wellbore fluids are required. High viscosities can resultin an increase in pressure at the bottom of the hole under pumpingconditions. This increase in “Equivalent Circulating Density” (ECD) canresult in opening fractures in the formation, and serious losses of thewellbore fluid into the fractured formation. Again the stability of thesuspension is important in order to maintain the hydrostatic head toavoid a blow out. The goal of high-density fluids with low viscosityplus minimal sag of weighting material continues to be a challenge.

According, there is a continuing need for improvements in wellborefluids.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method offormulating a wellbore fluid that includes precipitating a weightingagent from a solution; and adding the precipitated weighting agent to abase fluid to form a wellbore fluid.

In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method offormulating a wellbore fluid that includes precipitating a weightingagent from a solution; coating the weighting agent with a dispersant;and adding the precipitated weighting agent to a base fluid to form awellbore fluid.

In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein related to a wellborefluid, that includes a base fluid; and a precipitated weighting agent.

In yet another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a wellborefluid that includes a wellbore fluid that includes a base fluid; and aprecipitated weighting agent coated with a dispersant.

Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing description and the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to precipitatedweighting agents for use in a wellbore fluid. Additionally, methods offormulating and using fluids comprising precipitated weighting agentsare also disclosed herein.

The source of conventional weighting agents, such as barite, is minedore, which may be subjected to comminution (grinding) processes toproduce particles having the desired particle size. Various particlesizes used in downhole operations may range, for example, from API-gradebarite (d₉₀≈70 microns) to a micronized barite (d₉₀=1-25 microns).Additionally, as discussed in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos.20040127366, 20050101493, 20060188651, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,586,372 and7,176,165, and U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 11/741,199, each ofwhich is assigned to the present assignee and is hereby incorporated byreference, micronized weighting agents may provide improved performancein a fluid's sag, rheology, and/or fluid loss.

However, embodiments of the present disclosure provide for analternative source of such weighting agents, by precipitation, which mayalso allow for a broader range of attainable particle sizes. As usedherein, the term “precipitated weighting agents” refers to weightingagents formed synthetically from a solution by chemical precipitation,as compared to conventional weighting agents formed naturally and minedas a crude material and may be referred to as a primary mineral.“Primary minerals” such as primary barite, refers to the firstmarketable product, which include crude minerals as well as the productsof simple benefication methods, such as washing, jigging, heavy mediaseparation, tabling, flotation, and magnetic separation. However, foruse in wells, the minerals are also crushed/ground and screened.

Precipitated weighting agents used in some embodiments disclosed hereinmay include a variety of precipitated forms of the typical weightingagent compounds known to one of skill in the art, which may include, forexample, barium sulfate (barite), calcium carbonate (calcite), magnesiumcarbonate (magnesite), calcium magnesium carbonate (dolomite), ironoxide (hematite), magnesium and iron silicate (olivine), iron carbonate(siderite), and strontium sulfate (celestine). Additionally, as theweighting agents of the present disclosure are synthetically produced,one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that compounds otherthan those naturally formed as mineral ores may be formed byprecipitation and used as weighting agents in the fluids of the presentdisclosure. Thus, in one embodiment, various sulfates, carbonates,silicates, phosphates, aluminosilicates, oxides, etc. of various metalsand/or alkaline earth metals including, for example, calcium, barium,magnesium, iron, strontium, aluminum, and/or zinc, may be used. Further,while many alkali salts, such as sodium are fairly soluble, others, suchas sodium aluminosilicate and/or sodium magnesium aluminosilicate, arefairly insoluble and thus may be used as alternative precipitatedweighting agents in the fluids of the present disclosure.

One having ordinary skill in the art would recognize that selection of aparticular precipitated weighting agent material may depend largely onthe density of the material because, typically, the lowest wellborefluid viscosity at any particular density is obtained by using thehighest density particles. However, other considerations may influencethe choice of product such as cost, local availability, and whether theresidual solids or filter cake may be readily removed from the well.

In some embodiments, the precipitated weighting agent may be formed ofparticles that are composed of a material of specific gravity of atleast 1.8; at least 2.3 in other embodiments; at least 2.4 in otherembodiments; at least 2.5 in other embodiments; at least 2.6 in otherembodiments; and at least 2.68 in yet other embodiments. For example, aweighting agent formed of particles having a specific gravity of atleast 2.68 may allow wellbore fluids to be formulated to meet mostdensity requirements yet have a particulate volume fraction low enoughfor the fluid to be pumpable.

In some embodiments, the average particle size (d₅₀) of the weightingagents may range from a lower limit of greater than 5 nm, 10 nm, 30 nm,50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 500 nm, 700 nm, 1 micron, 1.2 microns, 1.5microns to an upper limit of less than 10 microns, 5 microns, 2.5microns, 1.5 microns, 1 micron, 700 nm, 500 nm, 100 nm, where theparticles may range from any lower limit to any upper limit. In otherembodiments, the d₉₀ (the size at which 90% of the particles aresmaller) of the weighting agents may range from a lower limit of greaterthan 20 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 500 nm, 700 nm, 1 micron, 1.2microns, 1.5 microns, 3 microns, 5 microns to an upper limit of lessthan 25 microns, 15 microns, 10 microns, 5 microns, 2.5 microns, 1.5microns, 1 micron, 700 nm, 500 nm, where the particles may range fromany lower limit to any upper limit.

Further, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that theweighting agent may have a particle size distribution other than amonomodal distribution. That is, the weighting agent may have a particlesize distribution that, in various embodiments, may be monomodal, whichmay or may not be Gaussian, bimodal, or polymodal.

Particles having these average particle sizes may be obtained bychemical precipitation, whereby insoluble solid weighting agents areproduced as a result of a chemical reaction between chemical species ina solution. Precipitation occurs following the mixing of at least twochemical specific in solution. One of ordinary skill in the art wouldappreciate that the chemical identity of those chemicals mixed woulddepend on the desired resulting compound to be used as a weightingagent. For example, when a barium sulfate weighting agent is desired, abarium salt solution (e.g., barium hydroxide, barium chloride, etc) maybe mixed with an alkali sulfate salt solution (e.g., sodium sulfate,sulfuric acid) to precipitate barium sulfate. However, where acarbonate, such as calcium carbonate is desired, a calcium hydroxidesolution combined with carbon dioxide results in the formation ofcalcium carbonate. Other sulfates and carbonates may be similarly formedby replacing the alkaline metal salt solution with another alkalinemetal (or other metal) salt solution, while silicates may be formed byreplacing sulfate salt solution with a silicate salt solution, such assodium silicate). Further, for precipitation of other compounds such asferric oxide, ferric oxide may be precipitated from an iron saltsolution by exposing the solution to elevated temperatures and pressuresto hydrolyze the iron in solution and precipitate out.

Mixing may occur, for example, in stirred tank reactors (batch orcontinuous), static or rotor-stator mixers. Devices in which the rotorrotates at a high speed (such as at least 120000 rpm are particularlysuitable for use in forming such precipitated weighting agents becausethe shear, transverse, and frictional forces of intermeshing tools (incombination with high speeds) may result in the formation of fine,dispersed particles. Additional techniques such as the application ofimpinging jets, micro-channel mixers, or the use of a Taylor-Couettereactor may improve the mixing intensity and result in smaller particlesand better particle homogeneity. Alternatively, ultrasonication, whichmay provide higher shear and stirring energy to induce micromixing anddissipate high power locally, may also provide smaller particles andbetter particle homogeneity by allowing for control of variousparameters, such as power input, reactor design, residence time,particle, or reactant concentration independently. After the solutionhas passed through the mixer, the resulting precipitated weightingagents may be separated out and dried for later use in a wellbore fluid.A particular mixer that may be used when nano-sized weighting agents aredesired is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,238,331, which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

As discussed above, fluids used in embodiments disclosed herein mayinclude precipitated weighting agents. In some embodiments, theprecipitated weighting agents may be uncoated. In other embodiments, theprecipitated weighting agents may be coated with a dispersant or wettingagent. For example, fluids used in some embodiments disclosed herein mayinclude dispersant coated precipitated weighting agents. The coating ofthe surface of the precipitated weighting agents may occur during theprecipitation, after the precipitation, or both during and after theprecipitation. Inclusion of such coating may be desirable to preventagglomeration of the particles, and which may also provide desirablerheological effects on the wellbore fluid in which the particles areused. As that term is used in herein, “coating of the surface” isintended to mean that a sufficient number of dispersant molecules areabsorbed (physically or chemically) or otherwise closely associated withthe surface of the particles so that the fine particles of material donot cause the rapid rise in viscosity observed in the prior art. Byusing such a definition, one of skill in the art should understand andappreciate that the dispersant molecules may not actually be fullycovering the particle surface and that quantification of the number ofmolecules is very difficult. Therefore, by necessity, reliance is madeon a results oriented definition. As a result of the process, one cancontrol the colloidal interactions of the fine particles by coating theparticle with dispersants prior to addition to the drilling fluid. Bydoing so, it is possible to systematically control the rheologicalproperties of fluids containing in the additive as well as the toleranceto contaminants in the fluid in addition to enhancing the fluid loss(filtration) properties of the fluid.

In some embodiments, the precipitated weighting agents include solidcolloidal particles having a deflocculating agent or dispersant coatedonto the surface of the particle. The precipitated particle size mayallow for high density suspensions or slurries that show a reducedtendency to sediment or sag, while the dispersant on the surface of theparticle controls the inter-particle interactions resulting in lowerrheological profiles. Thus, the combination of high density, fineparticle size, and control of colloidal interactions by surface coatingthe particles with a dispersant reconciles the objectives of highdensity, lower viscosity and minimal sag.

In some embodiments, the weighting agents include dispersed solidcolloidal particles with a weight average particle diameter (d₅₀) ofless than 10 microns that are coated with a polymeric deflocculatingagent or dispersing agent. In other embodiments, the weighting agentsinclude dispersed solid colloidal particles with a weight averageparticle diameter (d₅₀) of less than 8 microns that are coated with apolymeric deflocculating agent or dispersing agent; less than 6 micronsin other embodiments; less than 4 microns in other embodiments; and lessthan 2 microns in yet other embodiments. The fine particle size willgenerate suspensions or slurries that will show a reduced tendency tosediment or sag, and the polymeric dispersing agent on the surface ofthe particle may control the inter-particle interactions and thus willproduce lower rheological profiles. It is the combination of fineparticle size and control of colloidal interactions that reconciles thetwo objectives of lower viscosity and minimal sag.

Coating of the precipitated weighting agent with the dispersant may beachieved by adding the disperant to the solution prior to mixing. Thus,as mixing and precipitation occurs, the particles are coated. Thepresence of the dispersant during the mixing and precipitation may alsoprovide for inhibition of grain growth of the particles if ultra-fine ornano-sized weighting agents are desired, and also prevention of particleagglomeration.

Coating of the precipitated weighting agent with the dispersant may alsobe performed in a dry blending process following precipitation such thatthe process is substantially free of solvent. The process includesblending the precipitated weighting agent and a dispersant at a desiredratio to form a blended material. The blended material may then be fedto a heat exchange system, such as a thermal desorption system. Themixture may be forwarded through the heat exchanger using a mixer, suchas a screw conveyor. Upon cooling, the polymer may remain associatedwith the weighting agent. The polymer/weighting agent mixture may thenbe separated into polymer coated weighting agent, unassociated polymer,and any agglomerates that may have formed. The unassociated polymer mayoptionally be recycled to the beginning of the process, if desired. Inanother embodiment, the dry blending process alone may serve to coat theweighting agent without heating.

Alternatively, a precipitated weighting agent may be coated by thermaladsorption as described above, in the absence of a dry blending process.In this embodiment, a process for making a coated substrate may includeheating a precipitated weighting agent to a temperature sufficient toreact monomeric dispersant onto the weighting agent to form a polymercoated sized weighting agent and recovering the polymer coated weightingagent. In another embodiment, one may use a catalyzed process to formthe polymer in the presence of the sized weighting agent. In yet anotherembodiment, the polymer may be preformed and may be thermally adsorbedonto the sized weighting agent.

As mentioned above, embodiments of the micronized weighting agent mayinclude a deflocculating agent or a dispersant. In one embodiment, thedispersant may be selected from carboxylic acids of molecular weight ofat least 150 Daltons, such as oleic acid and polybasic fatty acids,alkylbenzene sulphonic acids, alkane sulphonic acids, linearalpha-olefin sulphonic acids, phospholipids such as lecithin, ethersulfonates, polyethers, including salts thereof and including mixturesthereof. Synthetic polymers may also be used, such as HYPERMER OM-1(Imperial Chemical Industries, PLC, London, United Kingdom) orpolyacrylate esters, for example. Such polyacrylate esters may includepolymers of stearyl methacrylate and/or butylacrylate. In anotherembodiment, the corresponding acids methacrylic acid and/or acrylic acidmay be used. One skilled in the art would recognize that other acrylateor other unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers (or esters thereof) may beused to achieve substantially the same results as disclosed herein.

When a dispersant coated micronized weighting agent is to be used inwater-based fluids, a water soluble polymer of molecular weight of atleast 2000 Daltons may be used in a particular embodiment. Examples ofsuch water soluble polymers may include a homopolymer or copolymer ofany monomer selected from acrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid oranhydride, hydroxypropyl acrylate vinylsulphonic acid, acrylamido2-propane sulphonic acid, acrylamide, styrene sulphonic acid, acrylicphosphate esters, methyl vinyl ether and vinyl acetate or salts thereof.

The polymeric dispersant may have an average molecular weight from about10,000 Daltons to about 300,000 Daltons in one embodiment, from about17,000 Daltons to about 40,000 Daltons in another embodiment, and fromabout 200,000-300,000 Daltons in yet another embodiment. One of ordinaryskill in the art would recognize that when the dispersant is added tothe weighting agent during a grinding process, intermediate molecularweight polymers (10,000-300,000 Daltons) may be used.

Further, it is specifically within the scope of the embodimentsdisclosed herein that the polymeric dispersant be polymerized prior toor simultaneously with the wet or dry blending processes disclosedherein. Such polymerizations may involve, for example, thermalpolymerization, catalyzed polymerization, initiated polymerization orcombinations thereof.

Given the particulate nature of the precipitated and dispersant coatedprecipitated weighting agents disclosed herein, one of skill in the artshould appreciate that additional components may be mixed with theweighting agent to modify various macroscopic properties. For example,anti-caking agents, lubricating agents, and agents used to mitigatemoisture build-up may be included. Alternatively, solid materials thatenhance lubricity or help control fluid loss may be added to theweighting agents and drilling fluid disclosed herein. In oneillustrative example, finely powdered natural graphite, petroleum coke,graphitized carbon, or mixtures of these are added to enhance lubricity,rate of penetration, and fluid loss as well as other properties of thedrilling fluid. Another illustrative embodiment utilizes finely groundpolymer materials to impart various characteristics to the drillingfluid. In instances where such materials are added, it is important tonote that the volume of added material should not have a substantialadverse impact on the properties and performance of the drilling fluids.In one illustrative embodiment, polymeric fluid loss materialscomprising less than 5 percent by weight are added to enhance theproperties of the drilling fluid. Alternatively, less than 5 percent byweight of suitably sized graphite and petroleum coke are added toenhance the lubricity and fluid loss properties of the fluid. Finally,in another illustrative embodiment, less than 5 percent by weight of aconventional anti-caking agent is added to assist in the bulk storage ofthe weighting materials.

The particulate materials as described herein (i.e., the coated and/oruncoated precipitated weighting agents) may be added to a drilling fluidas a weighting agent in a dry form or concentrated as slurry in eitheran aqueous medium or as an organic liquid. As is known, an organicliquid should have the necessary environmental characteristics requiredfor additives to oil-based drilling fluids. With this in mind, theoleaginous fluid may have a kinematic viscosity of less than 10centistokes (10 mm²/s) at 40° C. and, for safety reasons, a flash pointof greater than 60° C. Suitable oleaginous liquids are, for example,diesel oil, mineral or white oils, n-alkanes or synthetic oils such asalpha-olefin oils, ester oils, mixtures of these fluids, as well asother similar fluids known to one of skill in the art of drilling orother wellbore fluid formulation.

Wellbore Fluid Formulation

The precipitated particles described above may be used in any wellborefluid such as drilling, cementing, completion, packing, work-over(repairing), stimulation, well killing, spacer fluids, and other uses ofhigh density fluids, such as in a dense media separating fluid or in aship's or other vehicle's ballast fluid. Such alternative uses, as wellas other uses, of the present fluid should be apparent to one of skillin the art given the present disclosure. In accordance with oneembodiment, the weighting agents may be used in a wellbore fluidformulation. The wellbore fluid may be a water-based fluid, a directemulsion, an invert emulsion, or an oil-based fluid.

Water-based wellbore fluids may have an aqueous fluid as the base liquidand a precipitated weighting agent (coated or uncoated). Water-basedwellbore fluids may have an aqueous fluid as the base fluid and aprecipitated weighting agent. The aqueous fluid may include at least oneof fresh water, sea water, brine, mixtures of water and water-solubleorganic compounds and mixtures thereof. For example, the aqueous fluidmay be formulated with mixtures of desired salts in fresh water. Suchsalts may include, but are not limited to alkali metal chlorides,hydroxides, or carboxylates, for example. In various embodiments of thedrilling fluid disclosed herein, the brine may include seawater, aqueoussolutions wherein the salt concentration is less than that of sea water,or aqueous solutions wherein the salt concentration is greater than thatof sea water. Salts that may be found in seawater include, but are notlimited to, sodium, calcium, sulfur, aluminum, magnesium, potassium,strontium, silicon, lithium, and phosphorus salts of chlorides,bromides, carbonates, iodides, chlorates, bromates, formates, nitrates,oxides, and fluorides. Salts that may be incorporated in a brine includeany one or more of those present in natural seawater or any otherorganic or inorganic dissolved salts. Additionally, brines that may beused in the drilling fluids disclosed herein may be natural orsynthetic, with synthetic brines tending to be much simpler inconstitution. In one embodiment, the density of the drilling fluid maybe controlled by increasing the salt concentration in the brine (up tosaturation). In a particular embodiment, a brine may include halide orcarboxylate salts of mono- or divalent cations of metals, such ascesium, potassium, calcium, zinc, and/or sodium.

The oil-based/invert emulsion wellbore fluids may include an oleaginouscontinuous phase, a non-oleaginous discontinuous phase, and aprecipitated weighting agent. One of ordinary skill in the art wouldappreciate that the micro precipitated weighting agents described abovemay be modified in accordance with the desired application. For example,modifications may include the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of thedispersant.

The oleaginous fluid may be a liquid, more preferably a natural orsynthetic oil, and more preferably the oleaginous fluid is selected fromthe group including diesel oil; mineral oil; a synthetic oil, such ashydrogenated and unhydrogenated olefins including polyalpha olefins,linear and branch olefins and the like, polydiorganosiloxanes,siloxanes, or organosiloxanes, esters of fatty acids, specificallystraight chain, branched and cyclical alkyl ethers of fatty acids;similar compounds known to one of skill in the art; and mixturesthereof. The concentration of the oleaginous fluid should be sufficientso that an invert emulsion forms and may be less than about 99% byvolume of the invert emulsion. In one embodiment, the amount ofoleaginous fluid is from about 30% to about 95% by volume and morepreferably about 40% to about 90% by volume of the invert emulsionfluid. The oleaginous fluid, in one embodiment, may include at least 5%by volume of a material selected from the group including esters,ethers, acetals, dialkylcarbonates, hydrocarbons, and combinationsthereof.

The non-oleaginous fluid used in the formulation of the invert emulsionfluid disclosed herein is a liquid and may be an aqueous liquid. In oneembodiment, the non-oleaginous liquid may be selected from the groupincluding sea water, a brine containing organic and/or inorganicdissolved salts, liquids containing water-miscible organic compounds,and combinations thereof. The amount of the non-oleaginous fluid istypically less than the theoretical limit needed for forming an invertemulsion. Thus, in one embodiment, the amount of non-oleaginous fluid isless that about 70% by volume, and preferably from about 1% to about 70%by volume. In another embodiment, the non-oleaginous fluid is preferablyfrom about 5% to about 60% by volume of the invert emulsion fluid. Thefluid phase may include either an aqueous fluid or an oleaginous fluid,or mixtures thereof. In a particular embodiment, coated barite or othermicronized weighting agents may be included in a wellbore fluid havingan aqueous fluid that includes at least one of fresh water, sea water,brine, and combinations thereof.

Conventional methods can be used to prepare the drilling fluidsdisclosed herein in a manner analogous to those normally used, toprepare conventional water- and oil-based drilling fluids. In oneembodiment, a desired quantity of water-based fluid and a suitableamount of one or more precipitated weighting agents, as described above,are mixed together and the remaining components of the drilling fluidadded sequentially with continuous mixing. In another embodiment, adesired quantity of oleaginous fluid such as a base oil, anon-oleaginous fluid, and a suitable amount of one or more precipitatedweighting agents are mixed together and the remaining components areadded sequentially with continuous mixing. An invert emulsion may beformed by vigorously agitating, mixing, or shearing the oleaginous fluidand the non-oleaginous fluid.

In yet another embodiment, the precipitated products of the presentdisclosure may be used alone or in combination with conventionalmechanically milled weighting agents. Other additives that may beincluded in the wellbore fluids disclosed herein include, for example,wetting agents, organophilic clays, viscosifiers, fluid loss controlagents, surfactants, dispersants, interfacial tension reducers, pHbuffers, mutual solvents, thinners, thinning agents, and cleaningagents. The addition of such agents should be well known to one ofordinary skill in the art of formulating drilling fluids and muds.

Advantageously, embodiments of the present disclosure for wellborefluids that may possess high density without sacrificing rheology and/orrisk of sag. One characteristic of the fluids used in some embodimentsdisclosed herein is that the particles form a stable suspension, and donot readily settle out. A further desirable characteristic of the fluidsused in some embodiments disclosed herein is that the suspensionexhibits a low viscosity under shear, facilitating pumping andminimizing the generation of high pressures and chances of fluid lossesor fluid influxes. Further, by using a bottoms up approach as comparedto the traditional top down approach, fine particles may be achievedwithout requiring the energy intensive approach of grinding, and inparticular nano-size weighting agents which were not otherwiserealistically attainable may be produced. Additionally, where somemineral ores may be rare, costly, or risking depletion, the methods ofthe present disclosure may allow for a wellbore fluid to be formulatedirrespective of such concerns. Further, it is also noted that as crudemineral ore may contain impurities, which may reduce the specificgravity of the weighting agents, a reduction in impurities (and thusincrease in actual specific gravity) may result by synthetically formingthe weighting agents in a more controllable environment.

While the invention has been described with respect to a limited numberof embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of thisdisclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised whichdo not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein.Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by theattached claims.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A wellbore fluid, comprising: a base fluid; aprecipitated weighting agent comprising at least one of barium sulfate,calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium magnesium carbonate,iron oxide, magnesium silicate, iron silicate, iron carbonate, andstrontium sulfate and formed by precipitating a weighting agent from asolution in the presence of a dispersant to have a d₅₀ of of less than 1micron; and at least one selected from the group consisting of wettingagents, organophilic clays, viscosifiers, fluid loss control agents,surfactants, dispersants, interfacial tension reducers, pH buffers,mutual solvents, thinners, thinning agents, and cleaning agents.
 27. Thewellbore fluid of claim 26, wherein the precipitated weighting agent hasa d₅₀ of less than 700 nanometers.
 28. The wellbore fluid of claim 26wherein the precipitated weighting agent has a d₅₀ of at least 5nanometers.
 29. The wellbore fluid of claim 26, wherein the base fluidis one selected from a water-based fluid, an oil-based fluid, and aninvert emulsion.
 30. The wellbore fluid of claim 26, wherein thedispersant comprises at least one selected from oleic acid, polybasicfatty acids, alkylbenzene sulfonic acids, alkane sulfonic acids, linearalpa olefins sulfonic acid, alkaline earth metal salts thereof, andphospholipids.
 31. The wellbore fluid of claim 26, wherein thedispersant comprises polyacrylate esters.
 32. The wellbore fluid ofclaim 31, wherein the polyacrylate ester is at least one selected frompolymers of stearyl methacrylate, butylacrylate, and acrylic acid. 33.The wellbore fluid of claim 26, wherein the dispersant comprises ahomopolymer or copolymer of one or more monomers selected from acrylicacid, itaconic acid, maleic acid or anhydride, hydroxypropyl acrylatevinylsulphonic acid, acrylamido 2-propane sulphonic acid, acrylamide,styrene sulphonic acid, acrylic phosphate esters, methyl vinyl ether orvinyl acetate or salts thereof.
 34. A wellbore fluid, comprising: a basefluid; a precipitated weighting agent comprising at least one of bariumsulfate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium magnesiumcarbonate, iron oxide, magnesium silicate, iron silicate, ironcarbonate, and strontium sulfate and formed by: precipitating aweighting agent from a solution; controlling the particle size of theprecipitated weighting agent to d₅₀ of less than 700 nanometers anddispersing the precipitated weighting agent; and at least one selectedfrom the group consisting of wetting agents, organophilic clays,viscosifiers, fluid loss control agents, surfactants, dispersants,interfacial tension reducers, pH buffers, mutual solvents, thinners,thinning agents, and cleaning agents.
 35. The wellbore fluid of claim34, wherein the controlling comprises adding a dispersant to thesolution during the precipitating.
 36. The wellbore fluid of claim 34,wherein the controlling comprises precipitating in the presence of atleast one of a stirred tank reactor, a rotor-stator mixer, impingingjets, micro-channel mixers, a Taylor-Couette reactor, orultrasonication.
 37. The wellbore fluid of claim 34 wherein theprecipitated weighting agent has a d₅₀ of at least 5 nanometers.
 38. Thewellbore fluid of claim 34, wherein the base fluid is one selected froma water-based fluid, an oil-based fluid, and an invert emulsion.
 39. Thewellbore fluid of claim 35, wherein the dispersant comprises at leastone selected from oleic acid, polybasic fatty acids, alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, alkane sulfonic acids, linear alpa olefins sulfonicacid, alkaline earth metal salts thereof, and phospholipids.
 40. Thewellbore fluid of claim 35, wherein the dispersant comprisespolyacrylate esters.
 41. The wellbore fluid of claim 40, wherein thepolyacrylate ester is at least one selected from polymers of stearylmethacrylate, butylacrylate, and acrylic acid.
 42. The wellbore fluid ofclaim 35, wherein the dispersant comprises a homopolymer or copolymer ofone or more monomers selected from acrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleicacid or anhydride, hydroxypropyl acrylate vinylsulphonic acid,acrylamido 2-propane sulphonic acid, acrylamide, styrene sulphonic acid,acrylic phosphate esters, methyl vinyl ether or vinyl acetate or saltsthereof.
 43. The wellbore fluid of claim 34, wherein the precipitatedweighting agent has an average particle size of less than 500 mm. 44.The wellbore fluid of claim 43, wherein the precipitated weighting agenthas an average particle size of less than 100 nm.
 45. A wellbore fluid,comprising: a base fluid; a precipitated weighting agent comprising atleast one of barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate,calcium magnesium carbonate, iron oxide, magnesium silicate, ironsilicate, iron carbonate, and strontium sulfate and formed by:dispersing and precipitating a weighting agent from a solution in thepresence of at least one of a stirred tank reactor, a rotor-statormixer, impinging jets, micro-channel mixers, a Taylor-Couette reactor,or ultrasonication; and at least one selected from the group consistingof wetting agents, organophilic clays, viscosifiers, fluid loss controlagents, surfactants, dispersants, interfacial tension reducers, pHbuffers, mutual solvents, thinners, thinning agents, and cleaningagents.
 46. The wellbore fluid of claim 45, wherein the precipitatedweighting agent has an average particle size of less than 700 mm. 47.The wellbore fluid of claim 46, wherein the precipitated weighting agenthas an average particle size of less than 500 nm.